He details all the plant-derived insect repellents and how to obtain products. The last part of Fradin's paper reviews the lack of evidence for prolonged repellency of Skin-So-Soft (Avon). Plant-Derived Repellents/Alternative Repellents He refers clinicians to an EPA-sponsored Nation Pesticide Network for safety questions at 1-80 or on the World Wide Web at. He reviews the 14 cases of encephalopathy in children and the details of the inappropriate use of DEET or enzyme deficiencies detected in many of these cases. He reviews the pharmacology and toxicity profile that led to the controversial recommendation by the American Academy of Pediatrics to limit the percentage of any DEET compound on a child to 10%.
Higher concentrations of DEET relate to the length of protection, and the extended slow-release permits this low percentage formulation to provide 12 hours of 95% protection.įradin reviews how the choice and application of repellents may affect other products, describing interactions with sunscreen (citing studies revealing diminished sunscreen potency with repellent use). military now marketed under the name HourGuard (Amway Corp., 1-80). He offers a telephone number to obtain the 35% slow-release polymer-based product provided to the U.S. Fradin reviews how adults are more likely to be bitten than children, men more than women, and aging adults are less attractive to the feeding female.įradin reviews all the chemical insect repellents that contain DEET, including companies, percentages, and concentrations. These same lactic acid chemoreceptors are thought to be inhibited by DEET insect repellents. Lactic acid is an attractant to which mosquitoes are found to have chemoreceptors on their antennae. CO 2 serves as a long-range airborne attractant and can be detected by mosquitoes at up to 36 meters. Of the 100 volatile compounds detected in human breath and the 300-400 compounds that are by-products of metabolism, carbon dioxide and lactic acid are the two best-studied mosquito attractants. He reviews the stimuli involved in attracting mosquitoes: visual, thermal, and olfactory, the latter being the most important. He reminds clinicians that only the female mosquito requires a blood meal every 3-4 days, while the male mosquito feeds on nectar. Salient points reviewed in his article will be discussed here.įradin reviews the four stages of the life cycle of the mosquito, a ubiquitous creature found all over the world except in the Antarctic. Army, EPA, and Department of Agriculture.
Fradin took relevant material from MEDLINE database, World Wide Web, the Mosquito-L-electronic mailing list, Extension Toxicology Network, and publications from the U.S. Ann Intern Med 1998 128:931-940.Ī recently published paper in Annals of Internal Medicine is intended to provide the clinician with the detailed scientific information needed to advise patients to seek safe and protective ways to prevent mosquito bites. A Clinician's Guide to Mosquitoes and Mosquito Repellents
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